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.WaltWhitmaninnovator•HismainclaimtofamewashisfriendshipwithTomPaine,whosepamphletCommonSense(1776,•attheageof17,hebeganhiscareerasaninnovativeteacherintheone-roomschoolhousesofLongIsland•Heextols赞美theidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.•Hewasadaringexperimentalist.•HewaswidelyregardedasoneofAmericasfinestpoets,agreatliteraryinventor,•Hispoetryhadamajorinfluenceonmodernfreeverse.LeavesofGrass•ItwascriticizedbecauseofWhitman’sexaltationofthebodyandsexualloveandalsobecauseofitsinnovationinverseform—thatis,theuseoffreeverse•诗人讴歌美国平民大众的神圣和民主政治的伟绩，赞美与星球运转同样重要的草叶。诗人把大陆和这块处女地和在这些之上发生的全部人类活动统统纳入他的诗中。•《草叶集》的形式是全新的：惠特曼创造了空前自由的诗，不用脚韵，不讲格律，而是靠许多短语构成隐约的内部节奏，用大量重叠句和平行句构成海涛般的诗歌来自由表达自己的思想情感Songofmyself•Consideredtobehisgreatestand•Longest,•mostcharacteristic•Mostimportant•ChiefcharacteristicAbsenceoforganization1.Exceptionaldiversityandvividnessofmaterialsmadepossiblebyaknowledgeofwidely-separatedregions,andamultitudeofoccupations2.ArrangementincharacteristiclistswithparallelphrasingLiberalityinadmissionofdetailsandphrasesgenerallythoughtvulgarorindecent3.Exquisitelyricpassages4.Insistentnoteofgrandioseegoism.FreeverseTheme•Democracy•Sexuality•Death•Immortality•Theideasofuniversalityandthesanctity（神圣、尊严）Theseconceptsaremostcompletelydefinedin“SongofMyself”Conventionalstyle•Whitman’spoeticstyleismarked,firstofall,bytheuseofthepoetic“I.”Speakinginthevoiceof“I,”Whitmanbecomesallthosepeopleinhispoems,andyetstillremains“WaltWhitman”,henceadiscoveryoftheselfintheotherwithsuchanidentification.Usually,therelationshipWhitmanisdramatizingisatriangularone:“I”thepoet,thesubjectinthepoem,and“you”thereader.•Whitmanisalsoradicallyinnovativeintermsoftheformofpoetry---freeverse.•Alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstructureisfrequentlyfavored.•Contrarytotherhetoricoftraditionalpoetry,Whitman’sisrelativelysimpleandevenrathercrude.Mostofthepictureshepaintedwithwordsarehonest,undistortedimagesofdifferentaspectsofAmericaoftheday1
•One’softhemostoften-usedmethodsinhispoemsistomakecolorsandimagesfleetpastthemind’seyeofthereader.•AnothercharacteristicinWhitman’slanguageishisstrongtendencytouseoralEnglish.(hisearlycareerasanewspapermanandtheAmericans’traditionallovefororationsandorators.Hispoemfeature1.InWhitman’spoetry,thesprawlinglinesofthepoemsareoftenextremelylong.2.ThelinelinkisvisualforWhitman.(bigsheetsofpaper,noindention3.ParallelismisatechniqueoftheBiblicalpoetry,ofrepeatingtheideainverselines,buttheremightbeminorchangesinwording.4.Hispoetryisreligious.Hispoeticstructureiscalledtheenvelopestructure.(thefirstlinebeginswiththesubject,verbappearsinthelastline6.Heusedthecataloguetechnique.Cataloguemeanslisting.7.HisverseunitisuniqueA.Thereisnoregularpattern.B.Theverseunitisusuallyanindependentclause.C.Eachverseunitisacompletestatement.8.Whereasmanypoetsusemetertoestablishtherhythmofthepoem,heseemstoworkaccordingtothoughts.9.OratorywasoneofthewaysthatWhitmanuseddemocracyasabasisforhispoetry.10.Theinfluenceofoperaonhispoetryisevident.11.Hispoemsarecomposedlikemosaics.12.Heoftenwroteinthethirdpersonabouthisownexperience.13.Hesaid,“sometimesIthinkthatLeavesofGrass”isonlyalanguageexperiment.14.Whitman’smysticismreferstoanexperiencethatteachespeoplethatthereissomedivinepowergreaterthanhumanintelligenceEmilyDickinson•borninthequietcommunityofAmherst,Massachusetts,1830•DuringthoserarejourneysEmilymettwoveryinfluentialmenthatwouldbesourcesofinspirationandguidance:CharlesWadsworthandThomasWentworthHigginson.•ManyofDickinson’scriticsbelievethatWadsworthwasthefocalpointofEmily’slovepoems.Subject•Hersubjectswerelove,death,nature,religion,immortality,pain,beautysuccessfailureTheoryDickinsonformedherowntheoryofpoetry:1.Sheregardedthepoetasaseer.2.Shebelievedthatpoetrycontributedtogrowthandthatpoetryhadanimpactonone’slife.3.Shestressedindirection.4.Herpoemsdemonstrateinconsistency.Style1.Lyric:Althoughherpoemisshort,condensedandoftenbasedonasingleimageorsymbol,ithasunusualthematicsignificanceandasurprisinglydenseverbaltexture2.InfluenceofChristiantradition:sheusedtheBiblicallanguageandallusionshiddenrecessesinthehumansoul.3.NewEnglandperspective:A.PuritanintrospectionandB.brevityandintensity.4.Wit:A.useofthethepersona“I”B.Useofparadoxandirony5.Unorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuation.2

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